[글쓴이:] 다솜돌이

[English] Both, either, and neither

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두 개의 물건 혹은 두 사람에 대해서 말할 때 우리는 both / either / neither를 쓴다. We use both/either/neither to talk about two things or people.

both는 둘 다, either는 둘 중 하나, neither (not + either)로 둘 다 아닌 것을 나타낸다.

  • Rosemary has two children. Both are married. (both = the two children)
  • Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either. (either = tea or coffee)
  • A: Do you want to go to the movies or the theater?
    B: Neither. I want to stay home. (neither = not the movies or the theater)

either와 neither를 비교해보자.

“Would you like tea or coffee?”

  • “Either. It doesn’t matter.” (= tea or coffee)
  • “I don’t want either.” (not I don’t want neither)
  • “Neither.” (= not tea or coffee)

Both/either/neither + noun

both는 뒤에 복수형이 온다. both + plural: both windows / books / children, etc.
either나 neither는 뒤에 단수형이 온다. either / neither + singular: either / neither + window / book / child, etc.

  • Last year I went to Miami and Seattle. I liked both cities very much.
  • First I worked in an office, and then in a store. Neither job was very interesting.
  • There are two ways to get to the airport. You can go either way.

both of … / either of … / neither of …

both / either / neither + of + the / these/those / my/your/Amy’s, etc.

  • Neither of my parents is Canadian.
  • I haven’t read either of these books.

both (of) the … / both (of) those … / both (of) my … 등 처럼 of 없이 말할 수 있다. You can say both (of) the … / both (of) those … / both (of) my …, etc. (with or without of).

  • I like both of those pictures. or I like both those pictures.
  • Both of Amy’s sisters are married. or Both Amy’s sisters are married.

both of them / neither of us, etc.

both / either / neither + of + them / us / you

  • Tiffany has two sisters. Both of them are married.
  • Tom and I didn’t eat anything. Neither of us was hungry.
  • Who are those two people? I don’t know either of them.

[English] All, most, some, any, and no/none

다솜돌이 Leave a comment

일반적인 개념의 애들(children) / 돈(money) / 책(books) 등에는 the를 쓰지 않는다. children/money/books, etc (in general). 그러나 지칭하는 대상이 있는 경우는 the를 쓴다. the children / the money / these books, etc

  • Children like to play. (= children in general)
    Where are the children? (= our children)
  • Money isn’t everything. (= money in general)
    I want to buy a car, but I haven’t got the money. (= the money for a car)
  • I enjoy reading books.
    Have you read these books?
  • Everybody needs friends.
    I often go out with my friends.

most / most of / some / some of, etc.

일반적인 개념의 것들에 most나 some을 쓸 때는 of를 쓰지 않는다. most/some, etc + noun

all / most / some / any / no + cities / children / books / money

  • Most children like to play. (= children in general)
  • I don’t want any money.
  • Some books are better than others.
  • He has no friends.
  • All cities have the same problems. (= cities in general)

다음 문장 안에서는 of 를 쓰지 않는다. Do not use of in these sentences

  • Most people drive too fast. (not most of people)
  • Some birds can’t fly. (not some of birds)

지칭하는 대상 중 얼마를 말할 때는 of를 쓴다. most of / some of, etc + the/this/my, etc.

all (of) + the / this/that / these/those / my/your, etc.
most / some / any / none + of + the / this/that / these/those / my/your, etc.

  • Most of the children in this school are under 11 years old.
  • I don’t want any of this money.
  • Some of these books are very old.
  • None of my friends can ski.

그러나 all the … / all my …, 등으로 of 없이 말할 수 있다. But we say all the … / all my …, etc. (with or without of).

  • All the students in our class passed the exam. (or All of the students …)
  • Silvia has lived in Miami all her life. (or … all of her life.)

all of it / most of them / none of us, etc.

all / most / some / any / none + of + it / them / us / you

  • We can have some of this cake but not all of it.
  • A: Do you know those people?
    B: Most of them, but not all of them.
  • Some of us are going out tonight. Why don’t you come with us?
  • I have a lot of history books, but I haven’t read any of them.
  • “How many of these books have you read?” “None of them.”

[English] The…

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우리가 말하는 물건이나 사람이 명확할 때 우리는 the를 쓴다. We use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean.

  • the door / the ceiling / the floor / the light, etc. (of a room)
    “Turn off the light and close the door. (= the light and the door of the room)
  • the roof / the backyard / the kitchen / the bathroom, etc. (of a house)
    “Where’s Tom?” “In the kitchen.” (= the kitchen of this house or apartment)
  • the airport / the police station / the train station / the mayor’s office, etc. (of a city)
    Do you live far from the airport?
  • I’d like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this store, etc.)
  • What is the name of this street? (This street has only one name.)
  • Who is the best player on your team?
  • Can you tell me the time, please? (= the time now)
  • My office is on the first floor. (= the first floor of the building)
  • Paris is the capital of France. (There is only one capital of France.)

the same… 을 쓸 때도 the를 쓴다.

  • We live on the same street. (not on same street)
  • “Are these two books different?” “No, they’re the same.” (not they’re same)

the sun / the moon / the world / the sky / the ocean / the country

  • The sky is blue and the sun is shining.
  • Do you live in a city or in the country?

the police

  • After the robbery, the police asked us a lot of questions.

the top / the end / the middle / the left, etc.

  • Write your name at the top of the page.
  • My house is at the end of this block.
  • The table is in the middle of the room
  • Do you arrive on the right or on the left in your country?

play the piano / the guitar / the trumpet, etc. (musical instruments)

  • Paula is learning to play the piano.

the radio

  • I listen to the radio a lot.

Television/TV, breakfast/lunch/dinner, next/last + week/month/year/summer/Monday, etc에는 the를 쓰지 않는다.

television / TV

  • I watch television/TV a lot.
  • What’s on television tonight?
    그러나 아래와 같이 a TV set을 말할 때는 쓴다.
  • Can you turn off the TV? (= the TV set)

breakfast / lunch / dinner

  • What did you have for breakfast? (not the breakfast)
  • Dinner is ready!

next / last + week / month / year / summer / Monday, etc.

  • I’m not working next week. (not the next week)
  • Did you take a vacation last summer? (not the last summer)

Go to work / go home / go to the movies 같은 아래 같은 때는 the를 쓰지 않고 말한다

(go) to work, (be) at work, start work, finish work

  • Goodbye! I’m going to work now. (not to the work)
  • I finish work at 5 o’clock every day

(go) to school, (be) at school, start school, finish school, etc.

  • What did you learn at school today? (not at the school)
  • Some children don’t like school.

(go) to college, (be) in college

  • Helen wants to go to college when she finishes high school.
  • What did you study in college?

(go) to prison / jail, (be) in prison / jail

  • Why is he in prison? What did he do?

(go) to church, (be) in / at church

  • Dave usually goes to church on Sundays.

(go) to bed, (be) in bed

  • I’m tired. I’m going to bed (not to the bed)
  • “Where’s Kim?” “She‘s in bed.”

(go) home, (be) (at) home, etc.

  • I’m tired. I’m going home. (not to home)
  • Are you going out tonight, or are you staying home? (or staying at home)

아래와 같은 때는 the를 써서 말한다.

(go to) the bank / the post office / the hospital / the station / the airport

  • “Are you going to the bank?” “No, the post office.”
  • Brian was in an accident. He had to go to the hospital.
  • Does this bus go to the airport?

(go to) the theater / the movies

  • I never go to the theater, but I go to the movies a lot.

(go to) the doctor, the dentist

  • You’re sick. Why don’t you go to the doctor?
  • I’m going to the dentist tomorrow.

일반적인 개념에는 the를 사용하지 않는다. Do not use the for general ideas.

  • I like music, especially classical music. (not the music … the classical music)
  • We don’t eat meat very often. (not the meat)
  • Life is not possible without water. (not The life … the water)
  • I hate exams. (not the exams)
  • Do you know where thy sell foreign newspapers?
  • I’m not very good at writing letters.

게임이나 스포츠에 the를 사용하지 않는다. Do not use the for games and sports

  • My favorite sports are tennis and skiing. (not the tennis … the skiing)

언어나 전공 과목에는 the를 사용하지 않는다. Do not use the for languages or academic subjects (history / geography / physics / biology, etc)

  • Do you think English is difficult? (not the English)
  • Tom’s brother is studying physics and chemistry.

일반적인 개념과 지칭하는 대상을 비교하며 그 사용에 유의하자. Flowers or the flowers?

  • Flowers are beautiful. (= flowers in general)
  • I love your garden! The flowers are beautiful. (= the flowers in this garden)
  • I don’t like cold weather. (= cold weather in general)
  • The weather isn’t very good today. (= the weather today)
  • We don’t eat fish very often. (= fish in general)
  • We had a great meal last night. The fish was excellent. (= the fish we ate last night)
  • Are you interested in history? (= history in general)
  • Are you interested in the history of your country?

장소의 이름. Names of Places

Places (continents, countries, states, islands, cities, etc.)

장소의 이름에는 일반적으로 the를 사용하지 않는다. In general we do not use the + names of places.

  • Bangkok is the capital of Thailand.
  • Easter Island is in the Pacific.
  • Peru is in South America.
  • Quebec is a province of Canada.

그러나 republic / states / kingdom으로 된 이름 안에서는 the를 사용한다. But we use the in names with republic/states/kingdom.

  • the Dominican Republic
  • the United States of America (the USA)
  • the Czech Republic
  • the United Kingdom (the UK)

the -s (plural names)

여러개의 나라, 섬, 산의 이름에는 the를 사용한다. We use the + plural names of countries / islands / mountains

  • the Netherlands
  • the Canary Islands
  • the Philippines
  • the Andes

Oceans, rivers, etc.

대양, 바다, 강, 운하의 이름에는 the를 사용한다. We use the + names of oceans / seas / rivers / canals.

  • the Pacific (Ocean)
  • the Amazon (River)
  • the Mediterranean (Sea)
  • the Panama Canal

Places in towns (street, buildings, etc.)

일반적인 거리, 스퀘어의 이름에는 the를 사용하지 않는다. In general we do not use the + names of streets, squares, etc.

  • Kevin lives on Central Avenue.
  • Times Square is in New York.
  • Where is Main Street, please?

공항, 역, 대학, 공원 등의 이름에는 the를 사용하지 않는다. We do not use the + names + airports / stations / universities / parks, etc. 그러나 of 가 들어가는 대학 이름에는 the를 사용한다.

  • Kennedy Airport
  • McGill University
  • Pennsylvania Station
  • Yosemite (National Park)

호텔, 식당, 영화관, 박물관, 기념물이나 유적의 이름에는 the를 일반적으로 사용한다. We generally use the with names of hotels, restaurants, theaters, museums, monuments.

  • the Milton (Hotel)
  • the New Broadway (Theater)
  • the Millhouse (Restaurant)
  • the Metropolitan (Museum)
  • the Springfield Cineplex (movie theater)
  • the Lincoln Memorial

the … of …

of 가 들어가는 이름에는 the를 사용한다. We use the + names with of …

  • the University of California
  • the Great Wall of China
  • the Bank of Nova Scotia
  • the Tower of London

the north / the south / the east / the west

  • “Which part of Canada did you go to?” “To the west/north.”

[English] Countable, uncountable nouns

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countable nouns: (a) car, (a) man, (a) key, (a) house, (a) flower, (an) idea, (an) accident, (a) chair
– countable nouns는 singular ( = one) 혹은 plural ( = two or more)로 사용된다.

uncountable nouns:
* a glass of water
* some fresh air
* a bowl of rice
* some food
* some salt
* some plastic
* some money
* some music
* a game of tennis,
* a bar of soap
* a tube of toothpaste
* a piece of candy
* a carton of milk
* a can of fruit
* a cup of coffee, some coffee,
* a cup of tea
* a cup of juice
* a jar of honey
* a piece of wood

아래는 일반적으로 uncountable nouns로 쓰인다. ( = countable로 쓰일 때도 있다)
* a piece of paper: I need some paper / a piece of paper. I want to make a list.
* some advice: Can I talk to you? I need some advice. (not advices)
* some information: I need some information about hotels in Mexico City. (not informations)
* some weather: We are having nice weather this year.
* some news: Listen! I just got some good news. (not a good news)
* a loaf of bread: I’m going to buy some bread. (not a bread)
* long hair: She has very long hair. (not hairs)
* some furniture: They’ve got some very nice furniture in their house. (not furnitures)
* hard work: “Do you like your job?” “Yes, but it’s hard work.” (not a hard work)

  • uncountable nouns는 some, much 와 같은 것들과 쓴다.
    – I’ve got some money.
    – Money isn’t everything.
    – There isn’t much money in the box.

[English] 자주하는 전치사 실수 – discuss about, visit to, mensioned about

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자주하는 전치사 실수. discuss about, visit to, mensioned about. 셋 모두 목적어를 갖는 타동사이기 때문에 전치사를 붙이지 않는다. 그냥 discuss, visit, mension뒤에 바로 말할걸 쓴다. 알아는 듣겠지만, 문법적으로 틀리다.

Let’s discuss about it (X) -> Let’s discuss it (O)

I’m going to visit to my friend in Korea (X) -> I’m going to visit my friend in Korea (O)

Have I mensioned about my boy friend? (X) -> Have I mensioned my boy friend? (O)

[OpenSSL] command line 명령으로 TLS 서버 실행하기

다솜돌이 Leave a comment

기본적으로 s_server 인자와 -accept 를 사용한다. cert파일과 key파일은 자체 인증서를 생성하든지, letsencrypt에서 얻든지 한다. https에 사용되는 인증서를 letsencrypt로부터 얻는 방법은 [TLS] Letsencrypt로부터 https 사용을 위한 인증서 얻기를 참고한다.

$ openssl s_server -accept 443 -key /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.dasomoli.org/privkey.pem -cert /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.dasomoli.org/fullchain.pem

-msg 를 사용하면 TLS 관련 메시지를 볼 수 있다. decrypted된 text만 보고 싶다면 -quiet 옵션을 주면 된다. stdout으로 출력된다.

[TLS] Letsencrypt로부터 https 사용을 위한 인증서 얻기

다솜돌이 1 Comment

80 포트나 443 포트로 현재 서비스 중인 것이 있다면 멈춘다.

# service apache2 stop

certbot을 이용해서 사용할 도메인의 인증서를 얻는다.

# certbot certonly --standalone -d blog.dasomoli.org

얻어온 인증서는 /etc/letsencrypt/live/도메인명/ 아래에 저장된다. 위의 경우는 /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.dasomoli.org/ 아래에 저장된다. key 파일은 privkey.pem, cert 파일은 fullchain.pem이 주로 사용된다.