[English] Too

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  • The shoes are too big for her.
  • There is too much sugar in it.

too + 형용사/부사. too + adjective/adverb (too big / too hard, etc)

  • Can you turn the radio down?
    It’s too loud. (= louder than I want)
  • I can’t work. I’m too tired.
  • I think you work too hard.

too much / too many는 원하는 것보다 많이, 좋은 것보다 많이. too much / too many = more than you want, more than is good.

  • Emily studies all the time. I think she studies too much.
  • I don’t like the weather here. There is too much rain. (more rain than is good)
  • Let’s go to another restaurant. There are too many people here.
  • Traffic is a problem here. There are too many cars.

too와 not enough의 비교

  • The hat is too big for him.
    The hat isn’t big enough for him. (it’s too small)
  • The radio is too loud. Can you turn it down, please?
    The radio isn’t loud enough. Can you turn it up, please?
  • There’s too much sugar in my coffee. (= more than I want)
    There’s not enough sugar in my coffee. (= I want more sugar)
  • I don’t feel well. I ate too much.
    You’re very thin. You don’t eat enough.

too … for somebody/something

  • There shoes are too big for me.
  • It’s small house – too small for a large family.

too … to do something

  • I’m too tired to go out. (not for go out)
  • It’s too cold to sit outside.

too … for somebody/something to do something

  • She speaks too fast for me to understand.

[English] Not as … as

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not as … as

  • “I’m 93.” “I’m 96.”
    She’s old, but she’s not as old as he is.
  • Box A isn’t as big as Box B.
  • Rome is not as old as Athens. (= Athens is older)
  • The Grand Hotel isn’t as expensive as the the Western. (= the Western is more expensive)
  • I don’t play tennis as often as you. (= you play more often)
  • The weather is better than it was yesterday. It isn’t as cold. (= as cold as it was yesterday)

not as much as … / not as many as …

  • I haven’t got as much money as you. (= you’ve got more money)
  • I don’t know as many people as you. (= you know more people)
  • I don’t go out as much as you. (= you go out more)

not as … as 와 than의 비교

  • Rome is not as old as Athens.
    Athens is older than Rome. (not older as Rome)
  • Tennis isn’t as popular as soccer.
    Soccer is more popular than tennis.
  • I don’t go out as much as you.
    You go out more than me.

as me / as him / as her, etc로 말한다. We usually say as me / as him / as her, etc. You can say:

  • She’s not as old as him. or She’s not as old as he is.
  • You don’t work as hard as me. or You don’t work as hard as I do.

the same as … 으로 말한다. We say the same as … .

  • The weather today is the same as yesterday.
  • Your son’s hair is the same color as yours.
  • I arrived at the same time as Tim.

[English] Older than … and more expensive than …

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비교급 뒤에는 than을 쓴다. We use than after comparatives (older than … / more expensive than …, etc.)

  • She’s taller than him.
  • The Capitol Hotel is more expensive than the Grand.
  • Athens is older than Rome.
  • Are oranges more expensive than bananas?
  • It’s easier to call than to write a letter.
  • ”How are you today?” “Not bad, Better than yesterday.”
  • The restaurant is more crowded than usual.

보통 than me / than him / than her / than us / than them 으로 말한다. We usually say : than me / than him / than her / than us / than them. You can say:

  • I can run faster than him. or I can run faster than he can.
  • You are a better singer than me. or You are a better singer than I am.
  • I got up earlier than her. or I got up earlier than she did.

more/less than …

  • A: How much are those shoes? Fifty dollers?
    B: No, more than that. (= more than $50)
  • The film was very short – less than an hour.
  • They’ve got more money than they need.
  • You go out more than me.

a little older / much older, etc.

Box A가 Box B보다 조금 클 경우: Box A is a little bigger than Box B.
Box C가 Box D보다 많이 클 경우: Box C is much bigger than Box D.

a little / much + bigger / older / better / more difficult / more expensive + than …

  • Canada is much bigger than France.
  • Emma is a little older than Gary – she’s 26 and he’s 24.
  • The hotel was much more expensive than I expected.
  • You go out much more than me.

[English] A little / a few and little/few

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(a) little은 (a) little + 불가산(uncountable) 명사로 쓴다.(a) little + uncountable noun

  • (a) little water
  • (a) little money
  • (a) little time
  • (a) little soup

(a) few는 (a) few + 복수형(plural) 명사로 쓴다. (a) few + plural noun

  • (a) few books
  • (a) few questions
  • (a) few people
  • (a) few days

a little은 조금 그러나 많지는 않은. a little = some but not much

  • She didn’t eat anything, but she drank a little water.
  • I speak a little Spanish. (= some Spanish but not much)
  • A: Can you speak Spanish?
    B: A little.

a few는 조금 그러나 많지는 않은. a few = some but not much

  • Last night I wrote a few letters.
  • We’re going away for a few days.
  • I speak a few words of Spanish.
  • A: Do you have any stamps?
    B: A few. Do you want one?

(a 없는) little은 거의 아닌 혹은 거의 없는. a little (without a) = almost no or almost nothing

  • There was little food in the fridge. It was almost empty.

very little을 쓸 수 있다. You can say very little.

  • Dan is very thin because he eats very little. (= almost nothing)

(a 없는) few는 거의 없는. a few (without a) = almost no

  • There were few people in the theater. It was almost empty.

very few를 쓸 수 있다. You can say very few.

  • Your English is very good. You make very few mistakes.

little and a little

A little은 긍정적인 느낌이다. A little is a positive idea. 🙂

  • They have a little money, but they’re not rich. (= they have some money)

Little (또는 very little)은 부정적인 느낌이다. Little (or very little) is a negative idea. 🙁

  • They are very poor. They have (very) little money. (= almost no money)

few and a few

A few는 긍정적인 느낌이다. A few is a positive idea. 🙂

  • I have a few friends, so I’m not lonely. (= I have some friends)

Few (or very few)는 부정적인 느낌이다. Few (or very few) is a negative idea. 🙁

  • I’m sad and I’m lonely. I have (very) few friends. (= almost no friends)

[English] A lot, much, and many

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a lot of money, not much money, a lot of books, not many books

much는 much + 불가산 명사(uncountable noun) 형태로 사용한다. We use much + uncountable noun (much food / much money, etc.).

  • Did you buy much food?
  • We don’t have much luggage.
  • How much money do you want?
  • A: Have you got any money?
    B: I’ve got some but not much.

many는 many + 복수형(plural) noun 형태로 사용한다. We use many + plural noun (many books / many people, etc.)

  • Did you buy many books?
  • We don’t know many people.
  • How many pictures did you take?
  • A: Did you take any pictures?
    B: I took some but not many.

a lot of는 a lot of + 둘 모두와 같은 종류의 명사에 사용할 수 있다. We use a lot of + both kinds of noun.

  • We bought a lot of food.
  • We bought a lot of books.
  • Paula doesn’t have a lot of free time.
  • Did they ask you a lot of questions?

다음처럼 말함에 유의하자. Note that we say:

  • There is a lot of food/money/water. (singular verb)
  • There are a lot of trees/stores/people. (plural verb)
  • A lot of people like soccer. (not likes)

much는 질문과 부정적인 문장에 쓴다. We use much in questions and negative sentenses.

  • Do you drink much coffee?
  • I don’t drink much coffee.

그러나 much를 긍정적인 문장에는 잘 쓰지 않는다. But we do not often use much in positive sentences.

  • I drink a lot of coffee. (not I drink much coffee)
  • ”Do you drink much coffee?” “Yes, a lot.” (not Yes, much)

many와 a lot of는 모든 종류의 문장에 쓴다. We use many and a lot of in all kinds of sentences (question/positive/negative).

  • Do you have many friends / a lot of friends?
  • We have many friends / a lot of friends.
  • We don’t have many friends / a lot of friends.

명사 없이 much와 a lot of를 쓰기도 한다. much and a lot of without a noun.

  • Diane spoke to me, but she didn’t say much.
  • ”Do you watch TV much?” “No, not much.” (= not often)
  • We like films, so we go to the movies a lot. (not much)
  • I don’t like him very much.

[English] Both, either, and neither

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두 개의 물건 혹은 두 사람에 대해서 말할 때 우리는 both / either / neither를 쓴다. We use both/either/neither to talk about two things or people.

both는 둘 다, either는 둘 중 하나, neither (not + either)로 둘 다 아닌 것을 나타낸다.

  • Rosemary has two children. Both are married. (both = the two children)
  • Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either. (either = tea or coffee)
  • A: Do you want to go to the movies or the theater?
    B: Neither. I want to stay home. (neither = not the movies or the theater)

either와 neither를 비교해보자.

“Would you like tea or coffee?”

  • “Either. It doesn’t matter.” (= tea or coffee)
  • “I don’t want either.” (not I don’t want neither)
  • “Neither.” (= not tea or coffee)

Both/either/neither + noun

both는 뒤에 복수형이 온다. both + plural: both windows / books / children, etc.
either나 neither는 뒤에 단수형이 온다. either / neither + singular: either / neither + window / book / child, etc.

  • Last year I went to Miami and Seattle. I liked both cities very much.
  • First I worked in an office, and then in a store. Neither job was very interesting.
  • There are two ways to get to the airport. You can go either way.

both of … / either of … / neither of …

both / either / neither + of + the / these/those / my/your/Amy’s, etc.

  • Neither of my parents is Canadian.
  • I haven’t read either of these books.

both (of) the … / both (of) those … / both (of) my … 등 처럼 of 없이 말할 수 있다. You can say both (of) the … / both (of) those … / both (of) my …, etc. (with or without of).

  • I like both of those pictures. or I like both those pictures.
  • Both of Amy’s sisters are married. or Both Amy’s sisters are married.

both of them / neither of us, etc.

both / either / neither + of + them / us / you

  • Tiffany has two sisters. Both of them are married.
  • Tom and I didn’t eat anything. Neither of us was hungry.
  • Who are those two people? I don’t know either of them.

[English] All, most, some, any, and no/none

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일반적인 개념의 애들(children) / 돈(money) / 책(books) 등에는 the를 쓰지 않는다. children/money/books, etc (in general). 그러나 지칭하는 대상이 있는 경우는 the를 쓴다. the children / the money / these books, etc

  • Children like to play. (= children in general)
    Where are the children? (= our children)
  • Money isn’t everything. (= money in general)
    I want to buy a car, but I haven’t got the money. (= the money for a car)
  • I enjoy reading books.
    Have you read these books?
  • Everybody needs friends.
    I often go out with my friends.

most / most of / some / some of, etc.

일반적인 개념의 것들에 most나 some을 쓸 때는 of를 쓰지 않는다. most/some, etc + noun

all / most / some / any / no + cities / children / books / money

  • Most children like to play. (= children in general)
  • I don’t want any money.
  • Some books are better than others.
  • He has no friends.
  • All cities have the same problems. (= cities in general)

다음 문장 안에서는 of 를 쓰지 않는다. Do not use of in these sentences

  • Most people drive too fast. (not most of people)
  • Some birds can’t fly. (not some of birds)

지칭하는 대상 중 얼마를 말할 때는 of를 쓴다. most of / some of, etc + the/this/my, etc.

all (of) + the / this/that / these/those / my/your, etc.
most / some / any / none + of + the / this/that / these/those / my/your, etc.

  • Most of the children in this school are under 11 years old.
  • I don’t want any of this money.
  • Some of these books are very old.
  • None of my friends can ski.

그러나 all the … / all my …, 등으로 of 없이 말할 수 있다. But we say all the … / all my …, etc. (with or without of).

  • All the students in our class passed the exam. (or All of the students …)
  • Silvia has lived in Miami all her life. (or … all of her life.)

all of it / most of them / none of us, etc.

all / most / some / any / none + of + it / them / us / you

  • We can have some of this cake but not all of it.
  • A: Do you know those people?
    B: Most of them, but not all of them.
  • Some of us are going out tonight. Why don’t you come with us?
  • I have a lot of history books, but I haven’t read any of them.
  • “How many of these books have you read?” “None of them.”

[English] The…

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우리가 말하는 물건이나 사람이 명확할 때 우리는 the를 쓴다. We use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean.

  • the door / the ceiling / the floor / the light, etc. (of a room)
    “Turn off the light and close the door. (= the light and the door of the room)
  • the roof / the backyard / the kitchen / the bathroom, etc. (of a house)
    “Where’s Tom?” “In the kitchen.” (= the kitchen of this house or apartment)
  • the airport / the police station / the train station / the mayor’s office, etc. (of a city)
    Do you live far from the airport?
  • I’d like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this store, etc.)
  • What is the name of this street? (This street has only one name.)
  • Who is the best player on your team?
  • Can you tell me the time, please? (= the time now)
  • My office is on the first floor. (= the first floor of the building)
  • Paris is the capital of France. (There is only one capital of France.)

the same… 을 쓸 때도 the를 쓴다.

  • We live on the same street. (not on same street)
  • “Are these two books different?” “No, they’re the same.” (not they’re same)

the sun / the moon / the world / the sky / the ocean / the country

  • The sky is blue and the sun is shining.
  • Do you live in a city or in the country?

the police

  • After the robbery, the police asked us a lot of questions.

the top / the end / the middle / the left, etc.

  • Write your name at the top of the page.
  • My house is at the end of this block.
  • The table is in the middle of the room
  • Do you arrive on the right or on the left in your country?

play the piano / the guitar / the trumpet, etc. (musical instruments)

  • Paula is learning to play the piano.

the radio

  • I listen to the radio a lot.

Television/TV, breakfast/lunch/dinner, next/last + week/month/year/summer/Monday, etc에는 the를 쓰지 않는다.

television / TV

  • I watch television/TV a lot.
  • What’s on television tonight?
    그러나 아래와 같이 a TV set을 말할 때는 쓴다.
  • Can you turn off the TV? (= the TV set)

breakfast / lunch / dinner

  • What did you have for breakfast? (not the breakfast)
  • Dinner is ready!

next / last + week / month / year / summer / Monday, etc.

  • I’m not working next week. (not the next week)
  • Did you take a vacation last summer? (not the last summer)

Go to work / go home / go to the movies 같은 아래 같은 때는 the를 쓰지 않고 말한다

(go) to work, (be) at work, start work, finish work

  • Goodbye! I’m going to work now. (not to the work)
  • I finish work at 5 o’clock every day

(go) to school, (be) at school, start school, finish school, etc.

  • What did you learn at school today? (not at the school)
  • Some children don’t like school.

(go) to college, (be) in college

  • Helen wants to go to college when she finishes high school.
  • What did you study in college?

(go) to prison / jail, (be) in prison / jail

  • Why is he in prison? What did he do?

(go) to church, (be) in / at church

  • Dave usually goes to church on Sundays.

(go) to bed, (be) in bed

  • I’m tired. I’m going to bed (not to the bed)
  • “Where’s Kim?” “She‘s in bed.”

(go) home, (be) (at) home, etc.

  • I’m tired. I’m going home. (not to home)
  • Are you going out tonight, or are you staying home? (or staying at home)

아래와 같은 때는 the를 써서 말한다.

(go to) the bank / the post office / the hospital / the station / the airport

  • “Are you going to the bank?” “No, the post office.”
  • Brian was in an accident. He had to go to the hospital.
  • Does this bus go to the airport?

(go to) the theater / the movies

  • I never go to the theater, but I go to the movies a lot.

(go to) the doctor, the dentist

  • You’re sick. Why don’t you go to the doctor?
  • I’m going to the dentist tomorrow.

일반적인 개념에는 the를 사용하지 않는다. Do not use the for general ideas.

  • I like music, especially classical music. (not the music … the classical music)
  • We don’t eat meat very often. (not the meat)
  • Life is not possible without water. (not The life … the water)
  • I hate exams. (not the exams)
  • Do you know where thy sell foreign newspapers?
  • I’m not very good at writing letters.

게임이나 스포츠에 the를 사용하지 않는다. Do not use the for games and sports

  • My favorite sports are tennis and skiing. (not the tennis … the skiing)

언어나 전공 과목에는 the를 사용하지 않는다. Do not use the for languages or academic subjects (history / geography / physics / biology, etc)

  • Do you think English is difficult? (not the English)
  • Tom’s brother is studying physics and chemistry.

일반적인 개념과 지칭하는 대상을 비교하며 그 사용에 유의하자. Flowers or the flowers?

  • Flowers are beautiful. (= flowers in general)
  • I love your garden! The flowers are beautiful. (= the flowers in this garden)
  • I don’t like cold weather. (= cold weather in general)
  • The weather isn’t very good today. (= the weather today)
  • We don’t eat fish very often. (= fish in general)
  • We had a great meal last night. The fish was excellent. (= the fish we ate last night)
  • Are you interested in history? (= history in general)
  • Are you interested in the history of your country?

장소의 이름. Names of Places

Places (continents, countries, states, islands, cities, etc.)

장소의 이름에는 일반적으로 the를 사용하지 않는다. In general we do not use the + names of places.

  • Bangkok is the capital of Thailand.
  • Easter Island is in the Pacific.
  • Peru is in South America.
  • Quebec is a province of Canada.

그러나 republic / states / kingdom으로 된 이름 안에서는 the를 사용한다. But we use the in names with republic/states/kingdom.

  • the Dominican Republic
  • the United States of America (the USA)
  • the Czech Republic
  • the United Kingdom (the UK)

the -s (plural names)

여러개의 나라, 섬, 산의 이름에는 the를 사용한다. We use the + plural names of countries / islands / mountains

  • the Netherlands
  • the Canary Islands
  • the Philippines
  • the Andes

Oceans, rivers, etc.

대양, 바다, 강, 운하의 이름에는 the를 사용한다. We use the + names of oceans / seas / rivers / canals.

  • the Pacific (Ocean)
  • the Amazon (River)
  • the Mediterranean (Sea)
  • the Panama Canal

Places in towns (street, buildings, etc.)

일반적인 거리, 스퀘어의 이름에는 the를 사용하지 않는다. In general we do not use the + names of streets, squares, etc.

  • Kevin lives on Central Avenue.
  • Times Square is in New York.
  • Where is Main Street, please?

공항, 역, 대학, 공원 등의 이름에는 the를 사용하지 않는다. We do not use the + names + airports / stations / universities / parks, etc. 그러나 of 가 들어가는 대학 이름에는 the를 사용한다.

  • Kennedy Airport
  • McGill University
  • Pennsylvania Station
  • Yosemite (National Park)

호텔, 식당, 영화관, 박물관, 기념물이나 유적의 이름에는 the를 일반적으로 사용한다. We generally use the with names of hotels, restaurants, theaters, museums, monuments.

  • the Milton (Hotel)
  • the New Broadway (Theater)
  • the Millhouse (Restaurant)
  • the Metropolitan (Museum)
  • the Springfield Cineplex (movie theater)
  • the Lincoln Memorial

the … of …

of 가 들어가는 이름에는 the를 사용한다. We use the + names with of …

  • the University of California
  • the Great Wall of China
  • the Bank of Nova Scotia
  • the Tower of London

the north / the south / the east / the west

  • “Which part of Canada did you go to?” “To the west/north.”

[English] Countable, uncountable nouns

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countable nouns: (a) car, (a) man, (a) key, (a) house, (a) flower, (an) idea, (an) accident, (a) chair
– countable nouns는 singular ( = one) 혹은 plural ( = two or more)로 사용된다.

uncountable nouns:
* a glass of water
* some fresh air
* a bowl of rice
* some food
* some salt
* some plastic
* some money
* some music
* a game of tennis,
* a bar of soap
* a tube of toothpaste
* a piece of candy
* a carton of milk
* a can of fruit
* a cup of coffee, some coffee,
* a cup of tea
* a cup of juice
* a jar of honey
* a piece of wood

아래는 일반적으로 uncountable nouns로 쓰인다. ( = countable로 쓰일 때도 있다)
* a piece of paper: I need some paper / a piece of paper. I want to make a list.
* some advice: Can I talk to you? I need some advice. (not advices)
* some information: I need some information about hotels in Mexico City. (not informations)
* some weather: We are having nice weather this year.
* some news: Listen! I just got some good news. (not a good news)
* a loaf of bread: I’m going to buy some bread. (not a bread)
* long hair: She has very long hair. (not hairs)
* some furniture: They’ve got some very nice furniture in their house. (not furnitures)
* hard work: “Do you like your job?” “Yes, but it’s hard work.” (not a hard work)

  • uncountable nouns는 some, much 와 같은 것들과 쓴다.
    – I’ve got some money.
    – Money isn’t everything.
    – There isn’t much money in the box.